Random stuff

Well just found during my research on the internet

Try at your Own Risk !!

Ants Problem:
Keep the skin of cucumbers near the place or ant hole.

To get pure and clean ice:
Boil water first before freezing.

To make the mirror shine:
Clean with spirit

To remove chewing gum from clothes:
Keep the cloth in the freezer for an hour.

To whiten white clothes:
Soak white clothes in hot wate r with a slice of lemon for 10 minutes 10.

To give a shine to hair:
Add one teaspoon of vinegar to hair, then wash hair.

To get maximum juice out of lemons:
Soak lemons in hot! Water for one hour, and then juice them.

To avoid smell of cabbage while cooking:
Keep a piece of bread on the cabbage in the vessel while cooking.

To rid the smell of fish from your hands:
Wash your hands with a little apple vinegar.

To avoid tears while cutting onions:
Chew gum.

To boil potatoes quickly:
Skin one potato from one side only before boiling.

To boil eggs quickly:
Add salt to the water and boil.

To check freshness of fish:
Put it in a bowl of cold water. If the fish floats, its fresh.

To check freshness of eggs:
Put the egg in water. If it becomes horizontal, its fresh. If it becomes slanting, its 3-4 days old. If it becomes vertical, its 10 days old. If it floats, its stale.

To remove ink from clothes:
Put toothpaste on the ink spots generously and let it dry completely, then wash.

To skin sweet potatoes quickly:
Soak in cold water immediately after boiling.

To get rid of mice or rats:
Sprinkle black pepper in places where you find mice or rats. They will run away.

To get rid of mosquitoes at night:
Keep leaves of mint near your bed or pillows and in around the room.

Financial Accounting Tutorial 3

FA tutorial 3

Question 1

(a) What is distribution?

Answer

Distribution of profits to the shareholders is by means of declaring dividends. Usually only a portion of the profits will be distributed as dividends . Under normal circumstances, the only payment that the shareholders receive from the company is dividends. Dividends are profits of the company that is distributed to the shareholders as a return on their investment.

Dividends are paid in proportion to the nominal value of the share unless the articles of association of the company restrict them to the amount paid up on the shares. The most common form of dividend payment is cash dividend. Dividend can also be declared and paid in the form of shares , that is , bonus shares.

Dividend become payable only when it is declared. The articles of the company usually permit the directors to declare an interim dividend. Interim dividend is dividend declared and paid during the year whilst final dividend is the final dividend for the year and the amount is recommended by the directors to be approved by the shareholders at annual general meeting (AGM)

Section 365 of the companies Act 1965

The Act provides that companies may only make a distribution out of profits. So it is a form of restriction as to the profit available for distribution as dividends. However, the Act does not define profit available for distribution. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) limit the dividend distribution ( in cash ) to realized profits.

(b)

Explain whether the following items are realized or unrealized in nature:

i) Loss on sale of property

ii) Revaluation surplus arising from revaluation of a land and building

iii) Revaluation surplus relating to a property which has been sold

iv) Bad debts

v) Sales revenue

Answer

We realize the loss on sale of property immediately as we recognize the profit and loss immediately in our income statement

Revaluation surplus arising from revaluation of a land and building is unrealized because the land or building we still in use and we revalue it with the current market price which we could not get economic benefits until we sold our land or building int he end then it is realizable .

We are able to realized the transaction where the property is already been sold and we are able to see the result.

We are aware of bad debt which could not retrieve back in the future as we set of allowance for doubtful debt from our receivable for it , it is realizable

We are able to realize the sales revenue because it is the gain we receive from our sales .

(c)

What is a share premium ? Is it distributable in the form of dividend ?

Answer

Share premium , the difference between the issue price and the par value of share / The distribution is in the form of dividend in specie ( in kind ) , examples , bonus issue , known as non-cash dividend.

Question 2

(a)

What is revenue?

Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increase in equity , other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants.

(b)

State the recognition rules in relation to the following :

i) Sales of goods

ii) Rendering of services

iii) Interest, royalties and dividend

Answer

Rules for sales of goods as follows

- the seller transfers the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer

- the seller does not retain management or control over the goods sold

- the amount of revenue can be measured reliably

- the transaction’s economic benefits will probably flow to the seller

- the cost incurred or to be incurred can be measured reliably.

Rules for rendering of services

- the revenue can be measured reliably

- the transaction’s economic benefits will probably flow to the provider

- the stage of completion at the balance sheet can be measured reliably

- the costs incurred or to be incurred can be measured reliably

Rules for interest , royalties and dividend when its probable and measureable

- interest is recognized on a time proportion basis

- royalties are accrued in accordance with the relevant contract

- dividends are recognized when the shareholders right to receive payment is established

Question 3

a)

Warisan Bhd enters into a franchise arrangement with Xam Bhd for the later to use and market its patented fried chicken products. The arrangement calls for payment of RM10million upfront to cover initial supply of equipment plus technical support and services for 5 years.

It is difficult to estimate precisely the value of technical support and services because Warisan Bhd products are unique and there is no market equivalent service prices of this nature. However , estimate of the cost to provide the technical support and service, based on the company similar franchise arrangement in the past , is about RM2million and it is considered that a 50% mark-up on cost is a reasonable profit of service.

Explain how the RM10million franchise fee should be recognized as revenue in the account of Warisan Bhd

Answer

The upfront franchise fees of RM10million covers the supply of the initial and subsequent supply of equipment and technical support or services for 5 years.

Accordingly , the fees are recognized as revenue on a basis that reflects the purpose for which the fees were charged.

In other words , revenue is recognized as the services are rendered . The amount of RM10million includes estimated price of continuing services of RM3m for 5 years.

Thus RM7million should be recognized as revenue immediately. The amount of RM3million is deferred and recognized over 5 years on straight line basis , Example , RM0.6million per year.

b)

MNO Bhd sold a stock item with a cost of RM50,000 to PQR Bhd on 1 January 2006 . The terms of the sale include a five yearly installments of RM15,000 each payable at the end of each year. The cash selling price of the stock is RM60,000.

Explain how the transaction above should be recognized in the accounts of MNO Bhd.

Answer

Revenue attributable to the sale price , exclusive of interest , is recognized at the date of sales ( RM60,000 at 1 January 2006 ) . The interest of RM15,000 is recognized as income as it is earned , on the time proportion basis , example , over 5 years , each year RM3000.

c)

Heritage Sdn Bhd deals in valuable paintings . On 1 January 2007 , it sold a piece of valuable painting to a customer for a nominal amount of RM12,100,000 payable on 1 January 2009 . Heritage Sdn Bhd’s current borrowing cost is 10% per annum.

Explain how the above transaction should be recognized in the accounts of Heritage Sdn Bhd.

Answer

Revenue from the sale of the painting to a customer is recognized presumably risks and rewards of ownership have passed to the customer since the customer is only required to settle the debt in 2 years time , the amount of RM12,100,000 should be discounted to its present value . Example , RM12,100,000/ 1.1^2 = RM 10,000,000

Therefore , the receivable is recorded at an amount of RM12,100,000 and interest income of RM2,100,000

Question 4

Given below are five situation that are independent of each other . The financial year end for all is 31 December 2008..

For each situation state :

a) Whether revenue can be recognized for the current year and if so , the amount that can be recognized ;

b) State the reasons why revenue can or cannot be recognized .

Scenario 1

Show-Time Sdn Bhd sold tickets for an opera to be staged at the Petronas Auditorium on 10 January 2009 . To date they collected RM10 million and incurred costs of RM 2 million .

Answer

The company should recognize RM 10 million admission fees in the following year . Although the tickets for the opera were sold in 2008 , the event would only be held in 2009 . Because no revenue in 2008 but cost already debit in prepayment and credit to expenses in the following year match with the revenue .

Scenario 2

Clockers Sdn Bhd sent branded watches to various shopping malls for display and sale . These shopping malls were to sell them at RM500 each and remit the proceeds (less15% commission charges) to Clockers Sdn Bhd. The shopping malls may return any unsold watches within 5 months of receiving them after which date they cannot return any unsold watches to Clockers Sdn Bhd . To date the shopping malls sell off the watches within 2 months . At the year-end 2000 of these watches were with the shopping malls .

Answer

Revenue us usually recognized when goods have been delivered . However , in this case , the watches are delivered on a “sale or return” basis . Example . returnable within 5 months.

Assuming the 2000 watches were sold within 2 months before the year end , revenue of RM1m (Gross amount) should be recognized for the current year .

Scenario 3

On 1 October 2008 Finances Bhd deposited RM20 million in fixed deposit for a 15 month period in a finance company . The interest rate is 10% p.a.

Answer

Earned 3/12 x RM20m x 10% = RM 0.5m

According to FRS 118 , interest income should be recognized on time proportion basis . For the year ended 31 December 2008 , the company has earned interest income for 3 months , the amount of which is RM 0.5m

Scenario 4

Kontracktor Bhd ( a non-exempt enterprise ) commenced building a shopping mall for a customer on 1 April 2008 and expected to take 15 months to complete it . The fixed contract price was RM25 million and the estimated total costs to complete was RM20 million . Costs incurred to date was RM8 million and the customer was billed RM7 million.

Answer

When outcome of the construction contract , example to build a shopping mall can be estimated reliably , revenue should be recognized by reference to the stage of completion at the balance sheet date .

The stage of completion is 40% using the cost basis (40% x 20m = 8m)

Contract revenue recognized for the year ended 31 December 2008 is 40% x 25m = 10m

Sales 10m = 40% x 25m

Cost 8m = 40% x 20m

5m

Scenario 5

Timber Sdn Bhd sold timber costing RM10 million to Sawmill Sdb Bhd on 1 December 2008 with an understanding that Timber Sdn Bhd will buy the stock back in 6 months time for RM12 million.

Answer

The terms of the agreement should be analyzed to determined whether is a sale transaction or not .

If Sawmill has significant risks/rewards of the ownership of timber , sales transaction ( recognized revenue by Timber )

If timber retains risks/rewards , financing arrangement ( Timber as asset / amount as liabilities )

林峰 - 你并不孤单

林峰 你并不孤单

歌词

你大概自觉不吸引 找不到恋人
你大概路过望别人 一个个热吻
餐店中完全卖气氛 偏你却是单身
令你不合群 可怜人从没有爱侣相拥一吻

你大概自尊心不再 再不敢出来
你大概害怕到未来 一世也没被人爱
请看开看别人甜蜜也许是意外
不只你和自卑比赛

明日或者相爱变传奇
但是你必先好好生活争气
生命似在垂死 只会被嫌弃
在这残酷世纪不断别离

能自爱别与世间去比
让自信优雅地哪愁没运气
上天总找到你
来日注定爱的总爱你

你大概未搞清真爱 要等等不来
你骤看幸福的一对 不见背后渐忘爱
请看开每段情其实也经历苦海
不只你 有这种感慨

明日或者相爱变传奇
但是你必先好好生活争气
生命似在垂死 只会被嫌弃
在这残酷世纪不断别离

能自爱别与世间去比
让自信优雅地哪愁没运气
上天总找到你
来日注定爱的总爱你

明日或者相爱变传奇
但是你必先好好生活争气
生命似在垂死 只会被嫌弃
在这残酷世纪不断别离

能自爱别与世间去比
让自信优雅地哪愁没运气
上天总找到你
来日注定爱的总爱你

如约爱在世间总爱你

林峰- 爱不疚

林峰 - 爱不疚曲:郑智伟词:张美贤
收藏在眼眸 常徘徊左右 爱 猜到没有愉快玩笑後 能全然退後 你 开心就够这种感觉太亲厚 讲一千句也不够假使讲了 你听到後或会走这种恋爱太罕有 不需真正拥有成全 衷心祝福然後就放手放手 放开所有 彼此更自由放手 其实我绝非爱得不够放手 豁出所有 还有这个好友已经 已经足够

遥远是宇宙 静静在背後 去看守就够这种感觉太亲厚 讲一千句也不够即使一刹有过冲动 挽你手这种恋爱太罕有 不需真正拥有成全 多舍不得仍然 是放手放手 放开所有 彼此更自由放手 其实我绝非爱得不够放手 豁出所有 还有这个好友已经 已经足够放手 我的牵挂 找不到尽头放手 期望你幸福甚麽都有也许 爱很深厚 然而我早看得透

Financial Accounting 1 Tutorial 2

Tutorial 2

Question 1

The present and potential users of financial statements have different needs on information for decision making. Define the different gruop of uses and why they need this information?

The users of financial statements include present and potential investors, employees, lenders, suppliers and other trade creditors, customers, governments and their agencies and the public. They use financial statements in order to satisfy some of their different needs for information. These needs include the following:

(a)
Investors. The providers of risk capital and their advisers are concerned with the risk inherent in, and return provided by, their investments. They need information to help them determine whether they should buy, hold or sell. Shareholders are also interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the entity to pay dividends.

(b)
Employees. Employees and their representative groups are interested in information about the stability and profitability of their employers. They are also interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the entity to provide remuneration, retirement benefits and employment opportunities.

(c)
Lenders. Lenders are interested in information that enables them to determine whether their loans, and the interest attaching to them, will be paid when due.

(d)
Suppliers and other trade creditors. Suppliers and other creditors are interested in information that enables them to determine whether amounts owing to them will be paid when due. Trade creditors are likely to be interested in an entity over a shorter period than lenders unless they are dependent upon the continuation of the entity as a major customer.

(e)
Customers. Customers have an interest in information about the continuance of an entity, especially when they have a long-term involvement with, or are dependent on, the entity.

(f)
Governments and their agencies. Governments and their agencies are interested in the allocation of resources and, therefore, the activities of entities. They also require information in order to regulate the activities of entities, determine taxation policies and as the basis for national income and similar statistics.

(g)
Public. Entities affect members of the public in a variety of ways. For example, entities may make a substantial contribution to the local economy in many ways including the number of people they employ and their patronage of local suppliers. Financial statements may assist the public by providing information about the trends and recent developments in the prosperity of the entity and the range of its activities.

Question 2

What are the underlying assumptions beased on the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board: Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements?

Accrual basis

In order to meet their objectives, financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting. Under this basis, the effects of transactions and other events are recognised when they occur (and not as cash or its equivalent is received or paid) and they are recorded in the accounting records and reported in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate. Financial statements prepared on the accrual basis inform users not only of past transactions involving the payment and receipt of cash but also of obligations to pay cash in the future and of resources that represent cash to be received in the future. Hence, they provide the type of information about past transactions and other events that is most useful to users in making economic decisions.

Going concern

The financial statements are normally prepared on the assumption that an entity is a going concern and will continue in operation for the foreseeable future. Hence, it is assumed that the entity has neither the intention nor the need to liquidate or curtail materially the scale of its operations; if such an intention or need exists, the financial statements may have to be prepared on a different basis and, if so, the basis used is disclosed.

Question 3

(a) List the key players in the regulatory framework of the accounting profession in Malaysia.

1. Companies Act 1965
2. Stock Exchange regulations
3. Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB)
4. International Accouting Standards Board (IASB)

(b) What are the main factors which have shape financial accouting in Malaysia?

- To implement an efficient, effective structure and ' due process' for the development of standards, a conceptual framework and other guidance

- To pursue such development on a basis of the needs of uses of FS to make economic decisions

- To pursue a policy of convergence of standards

(c) What are the functions of MASB?

- Issue new accounting standard as approved accounting standard

- Review, revise or adopt accounting standard as existing accounting standard

- Issue statement of principles for financial reporting

- Sponsor and undertake development of possible accounting standard

(d) Explain the process the MASB goes through in order to create new MASB standard

- Identification of topics which are likely to become standard

- Commissioning of staff to undertake a programme

- Working group is appointed to debate on the issues

- A draft document is prepared (DSOP or ED) to be presented to the MASB for review and next presented to Financial Reporting Foundation for comments

- Finally , the document is coverted into a standard for publication.

(e) State the advantages and disadvantages of accounting standards

Advantages

- Accounting information is more consistently prepared , enabling valid inter company comparisons of performances and trend ( choice of treatment is still permitted )

- Similar events are accounted for in the same manner . Unifornity is essential to disclose a true and fair view in financial statements. ( Not code of regid rules - judgement is still require )

- Process of formulating standards stimulates the development of a conceptual framework. For example , FRS 117 on leasing introduces the idea of considering the principle of substance over form . Prudence Concept .

- Standards are supported by the financial market . For example , incorrect classification of research and development expense will eventually become apparent when sales growth in not as expected by the market.

Disadvantage

- Adverse economics effects could occur . For example , costs could be imposed on preparers

- Consensus seeking can lead to over influence by certain sectors

- standards maybe too detailed or not sufficiently detailed for general purpose and may fail to recognize the different between large and small entities ( Separate set of standards for smaller entities )

Question 4

What are the desirable qualities of useful accounting standards?

Understandability

An essential quality of the information provided in financial statements is that it is readily understandable by users. For this purpose, users are assumed to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and a willingness to study the information with reasonable diligence. However, information about complex matters that should be included in the financial statements because of its relevance to the economic decision-making needs of users should not be excluded merely on the grounds that it may be too difficult for certain users to understand.

Relevance

To be useful, information must be relevant to the decision-making needs of users. Information has the quality of relevance when it influences the economic decisions of users by helping them evaluate past, present or future events or confirming, or correcting, their past evaluations.

he predictive and confirmatory roles of information are interrelated. For example, information about the current level and structure of asset holdings has value to users when they endeavour to predict the ability of the entity to take advantage of opportunities and its ability to react to adverse situations. The same information plays a confirmatory role in respect of past predictions about, for example, the way in which the entity would be structured or the outcome of planned operations.

Reliability

To be useful, information must also be reliable. Information has the quality of reliability when it is free from material error and bias and can be depended upon by users to represent faithfully that which it either purports to represent or could reasonably be expected to represent.

Information may be relevant but so unreliable in nature or representation that its recognition may be potentially misleading. For example, if the validity and amount of a claim for damages under a legal action are disputed, it may be inappropriate for the entity to recognise the full amount of the claim in the balance sheet, although it may be appropriate to disclose the amount and circumstances of the claim

Comparability

Users must be able to compare the financial statements of an entity through time in order to identify trends in its financial position and performance. Users must also be able to compare the financial statements of different entities in order to evaluate their relative financial position, performance and changes in financial position. Hence, the measurement and display of the financial effect of like transactions and other events must be carried out in a consistent way throughout an entity and over time for that entity and in a consistent way for different entities.

An important implication of the qualitative characteristic of comparability is that users be informed of the accounting policies employed in the preparation of the financial statements, any changes in those policies and the effects of such changes. Users need to be able to identify differences between the accounting policies for like transactions and other events used by the same entity from period to period and by different entities. Compliance with MASB approved accounting standards, including the disclosure of the accounting policies used by the entity, helps to achieve comparability

The need for comparability should not be confused with mere uniformity and should not be allowed to become an impediment to the introduction of improved accounting standards. It is not appropriate for an entity to continue accounting in the same manner for a transaction or other event if the policy adopted is not in keeping with the qualitative characteristics of relevance and reliability. It is also inappropriate for an entity to leave its accounting policies unchanged when more relevant and reliable alternatives exist

Because users wish to compare the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an entity over time, it is important that the financial statements show corresponding information for the preceding periods

Question 5

What are the constraints on Relevance and Reliable information?

Constraints on relevant and reliable information

Timeliness

If there is undue delay in the reporting of information it may lose its relevance. Management may need to balance the relative merits of timely reporting and the provision of reliable information. To provide information on a timely basis it may often be necessary to report before all aspects of a transaction or other event are known, thus impairing reliability. Conversely, if reporting is delayed until all aspects are known, the information may be highly reliable but of little use to users who have had to make decisions in the interim. In achieving a balance between relevance and reliability, the overriding consideration is how best to satisfy the economic decision-making needs of users.

Balance between benefit and cost

The balance between benefit and cost is a pervasive constraint rather than a qualitative characteristic. The benefits derived from information should exceed the cost of providing it. The evaluation of benefits and costs is, however, substantially a judgemental process. Furthermore, the costs do not necessarily fall on those users who enjoy the benefits. Benefits may also be enjoyed by users other than those for whom the information is prepared; for example, the provision of further information to lenders may reduce the borrowing costs of an entity. For these reasons, it is difficult to apply a cost-benefit test in any particular case. Nevertheless, standard-setters in particular, as well as the preparers and users of financial statements, should be aware of this constraint.

Balance between qualitative characteristics

In practice a balancing, or trade-off, between qualitative characteristics is often necessary. Generally the aim is to achieve an appropriate balance among the characteristics in order to meet the objective of financial statements. The relative importance of the characteristics in different cases is a matter of professional judgment.

Q6

The following problems add relate to the characteristic of reliability. For each one , state which attributes of the reliability is (are) applicable.

1. A company enters into a contract to sell an asset but is able to retain control of it and of the benefit of future income flows derived from it.

Answer

Transaction should be faithfully represented by applying the principle of substance over form . Since the company retains control over the asset and derives economic benefits from its use , the transaction is not a sale .

2. A company is concerned at increasing doubtful debts . These are currently 2% of receivables but are expected to double. To make certain that they do not under provide , an allowance for doubtful debt of 10% of receivables is made.

Answer

Application of prudence principle is vital to ensure reliable information . However , the company is over prudent and thus , bias . The allowances for doubtful debt should be 4% instead of 10%.

3. A company is face with a legal claim of which has no way of assessing the likely outcome in terns of either result or cost.

Answer

Accounting information should be free from bias and be verifiable . Since the outcome of the legal claim or associated cost can not be assessed , no transaction can be recorded . If the legal claim is a major economic event , then it should be disclosed by way of a note to the accounts on ground of completeness .

Question 8 [ ACCA Dec 2003 Q5 ]

The use of historical cost as a basis for accounting is wide spread.

(a) Explain THREE ways in which the use of historical cost accounting may misled users of financial statements.

Answer

- Depreciation is based on the original cost of non-current assets and thus understates the true value obtained by the business from the use of the assets . The result is that profit is overstated.

- Inventory is usually value at cost , using FIFO or WAC . If prices are rising , sales in current terms are matched with cost of sales in historical cost terms . Profit is again overstated

- Balance sheet value of assets may become seriously below their current value .

(b) Briefly state THREE reasons why historical cost accounting remains in use in spite of its limitations .

Answer

- simple and cheap

- figures used are objective and verifiable

- Lack of a sound and acceptable alternation

Question 11 ( tutorial 1 addon)

Consider the following situations , In each case, do we have an asset or liability within the definitions given by the Framework? Give reasons for your answer.

(a) Pasonic Sdn. Bhd. Has purchased a patent for RM30000 . The patent gives the company sole use of a particular manufacturing process which will save RM5000 a year for the next five years.

(b) Bernas Sdn. Bhd. Paid Daya Trading RM20000 to set a car repair shop , on condition that priority treatment is given to cars from the company’s fleet.

(c) Deals from Waja Sdn. Bhd. Provides a warranty with every car sold.

Answer

(a) This is an asset , albeit an intangible one . There is a past event , control and future economic benefit ( through cost savings)

(b) This cannot classified as an asset . Bernas Sdn. Bhd. Has no control over the car repair shop and it is difficult to argue that there are future economic benefits.

(c) This is a liability . The business has taken on an obligation . It would be recognized when the warranty is issued rather than when a claim is made.

Financial Accounting Tutorial 1

Financial Accounting 1

Tutorial 1

Question 4

Discuss on the purpose of accounting standards. Why do we need accounting standards during the preparation of the financial statements ?

ANSWER

Accounting concepts and individual judgement.

Financial statements are prepared on the basis of a number of fundamental accounting assumptions and conventions. Many figures in financial statements are derived from the application of judgement in putting these assumptions into practice.

It is clear that different people excercising their judgement on the same facts can derive at very different conclusions. Examples: Valuation of building, accounting for inflation, accounting treatment for research and development ect.

Working from the same date, different groups of people would produce very different financial statement.

In an attempt to deal with some subjectivity and to achieve comparability between organisations, accounting standards were developed.

Question 5

Define the Elements of financial Statements.

The elements directly related to the measurement of financial position are assets, liabilities and equity. These are defined as follows:

(a)

An asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.

(b)

A liability is a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.

(c)
Equity is the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities.

The elements of income and expenses are defined as follows:

(a)
Income is increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants.

(b)
Expenses are decreases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of outflows or depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other than those relating to distributions to equity participants.

Question 6

Discuss the recognition of t he Elements of Financial Statements.

An item that meets the definition of an element should be recognised if:

(a)
it is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item will flow to or from the entity; and

(b)
the item has a cost or value that can be measured with reliability.

An asset is recognised in the balance sheet when it is probable that the future economic benefits will flow to the entity and the asset has a cost or value that can be measured reliably.

A liability is recognised in the balance sheet when it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will result from the settlement of a present obligation and the amount at which the settlement will take place can be measured reliably. In practice, obligations under contracts that are equally proportionately unperformed (for example, liabilities for inventory ordered but not yet received) are generally not recognised as liabilities in the financial statements. However, such obligations may meet the definition of liabilities and, provided the recognition criteria are met in the particular circumstances, may qualify for recognition. In such circumstances, recognition of liabilities entails recognition of related assets or expenses.

Income is recognised in the income statement when an increase in future economic benefits related to an increase in an asset or a decrease of a liability has arisen that can be measured reliably. This means, in effect, that recognition of income occurs simultaneously with the recognition of increases in assets or decreases in liabilities (for example, the net increase in assets arising on a sale of goods or services or the decrease in liabilities arising from the waiver of a debt payable).

Expenses are recognised in the income statement when a decrease in future economic benefits related to a decrease in an asset or an increase of a liability has arisen that can be measured reliably. This means, in effect, that recognition of expenses occurs simultaneously with the recognition of an increase in liabilities or a decrease in assets (for example, the accrual of employee entitlements or the depreciation of equipment).

Question 7 [ ACCA Dec 2004 Q5 ]

Explain FOUR wats in which the use of historical cost accounting may cause users of financial statement to be misled when prices are rising.

The use of historical cost accounting can misled users when prices are rising in the following ways:

- Depreciation is based on the original cost of non-current assets and thus understates the true value obtained by the business from the use of the assets . The result is that profits is overstated.

- Inventory is usually value at cost , using FIFO or WAC. If prices are rising , sales in current terms are matched with cost of sales in historical cost terms. Profits is again overstated.

- Balance Sheet value of assets , may become seriously below their current value.

- The combined effects of above three factors mean that return on capital employed is overstated.

- Year on year comparison results is likely to be misleading as figures will show an automatic increase as price rise , when in real term , sales and profits may have risen far less , or even have fallen.

Question 8 [ ACCA June 2004 Q5 ]

Comparability is a characteristic which adds to the usefulness of financial statements.

Required:

(a) Explain what is meant by the term 'comparability' in financial statements, relating to two types of comparison that users of financial statements may make. (4 marks)

(b) Explain two ways in which the MASB's accounting standards aid the comparability of financial information. (4 marks)

ANSWER

(a)

Comparability means that users are able to draw conclusions about the performance or financial position of a business by relating figures for a particular period to other relevent figures.

Possible types of comparison are :-

- Comparison with figures for the same business for earlier period.

- Comparison with figures for other business for the same period

- Comparison with budgets or forecasts.

(b) Any two ways:

- By requiring the disclosure of accounting policies and the effect of changes in them.

- By reducing or eliminating the number of possible alternative

- Treatments for similar items available to businesses.

- By requiring businesses to treat similar items in the same way whithin each period and from one period to the next, unless a change is required to comply with accounting standards or to ensure that more appropriate presentation of events or transactions is privided.

My Advance Diploma Study Journey

Dear friend , my blog will be mixed with my education journey blog entry so enjoy ...

Semester 1

Start on 25 May 2009

Subjects

ABBL 4084 Law & Practice of Meetings

ABDM 4204 Corporate & Operations Management

ABFA 4013 Financial Accounting 1

AELE 3164 English for Management (Business)

I will here by updates all my tutorial answers here so enjoy ^^

----------------------------------------------------------------------

2009 April 02

Tar College Diploma Business Admin Year 2 (09) Group 9

thanks to class raps giving me such a special invitation and prank , i enjoyed the most , a wonderful singk season , i finally able to start closer to each other by the time im from group 11 ^^ thank you everyone :)

Thank you winnie for sending me the photos ^^ blow one kiss as reward ^^ hahahaha


one more ^^


yup final picy


Yea we start rocking all plz stand up , plz stand up , liang ai I N G !! hahahaha


Look at that !! Future Singer !! hahahaha XD


woo lala ~~


ow man that flash is pain !! turn my head to the right !!


Yey my face kena cover up


Amelia n me ^^



Sing , Sing , Sing , Sing , everybody start to sing ow dududu , dudu , dudu...


this is big room , listening their singings



Emily n me



Chee Keen , Winnie n me



Winnie n me



Farah n me

One more time , One more chance

Masayoshi Yamazaki - One more time , One more chance

How much more will I have to lose, before my heart is forgiven?
How many more pain will I have to suffer, to meet you once again?
One more time, oh seasons, don't disappear
One more time, the time when we were messing around

Whenever we argued, I would always give in first right?
Your selfish nature made me love you even more
One more chance, the memories stopped my legs
One more chance, I cannot choose my next destination

I’m always searching, for your figure to appear somewhere
On the opposite platform, in the windows along the lane
Even though I know you couldn’t be at such a place
If my wish were to come true, I would be at your side right away
There would be nothing I couldn’t do
I would put everything on the risk and hold you tight, I'll show you.

If I just wanted to distract my loneliness, anybody would have been enough.
The stars seems like it will fall in the night which is why i can't lie to myself.
One more time, oh seasons, don't disappear
One more time, the time when we were messing around

I’m always searching, for your figure to appear somewhere
Even when I'm crossing a street, Even in the midst of my dreams
Even though I know you couldn’t be at a place like this!
If a miracle were to happen, I would want to show you immediately
A new morning, who I’ll be from now on
And the words i never said called: "I Love You"

The memories of summer are revolving
The throbbing which suddenly disappeared

I’m always searching, for your figure to appear somewhere
At dawn on the streets, at Sakuragi-cho
Even though I know you couldn’t be at a place like this!
If my wish were to come true, I would return to your side right away
There would be nothing I couldn’t do
I would risk everything and hold you tight I'll show you!

I’m always searching, for fragments of you to appear somewhere
At a traveller’s store, in the corner of newspaper,
Even though I know you couldn’t be at a place like this!
If a miracle were to happen, I would want to show you immediately
A new morning, who I’ll be from now on
And the words I never said called: “I Love You.”

I always end up looking for your smile, to appear somewhere
At the railroad crossing, waiting for the express to pass
Even though I know you couldn’t be at such a place
If our lives could be restarted,
No matter how many times it will be I will go back to you
What I would wanted then would then be nothing
The Things Other Then You!

Jason Mraz - I'm Yours

Recently , i fall in love on this song OMG XD

Jason Mraz I'm Yours Lyrics:

Well you done done me and you bet I felt it
I tried to be chill but you're so hot that I melted
I fell right through the cracks
Now I'm trying to get back
Before the cool done run out
I'll be giving it my bestest
And nothing's going to stop me but divine intervention
I reckon it's again my turn to win some or learn some

But I won't hesitate no more, no more
It cannot wait, I'm yours

Well open up your mind and see like me
Open up your plans and then you're free
Look into your heart and you'll find love love love love
Listen to the music of the moment people dance and sing
We're just one big family
it's our God forsaken right to be loved loved loved loved loved

So I won't hesitate no more, no more
It cannot wait, I'm sure
There's no need to complicate
Our time is short
This is our fate, I'm yours



I've been spending way too long checking my tongue in the mirror
And bending over backwards just to try to see it clearer
But my breath fogged up the glass
And so I drew a new face and laughed
I guess what I've been saying is there ain't no better reason
To rid yourself of vanity and just go with the seasons
It's what we aim to do
Our name is our virtue

But I won't hesitate no more, no more
It cannot wait, I'm Yours

Open up your mind and see like me
Open up your plans and then you're free
Look into your heart and you'll find
The sky is yours
So please don't, please don't, please don't
There's no need to complicate
cause our time is short
This is this is this is our fate
I'm yours